Bleeding hemorrhoids meaning in hindi बवासीर को चार अलग-अलग ग्रेड में बांटा गया है-ग्रेड – 1 की बवासीर Hemorrhoidectomy: This is the surgical removal of large external hemorrhoids and prolapsed hemorrhoids that do not respond to other conservative treatments. Dark red or maroon blood can mean that you have bleeding higher up in your colon or your small intestine. Understanding why hemorrhoids bleed and what it means is crucial for anyone facing this issue. Hemorrhoids are rich in vascular supply and have a tendency to engorge and prolapse. Secondary and off-label uses of Hamdard Hamdoroid Capsule have also been mentioned below. A skin tag may remain after the healing of an external hemorrhoid. It improves blood flow in the veins and restores its function. See more translations in Hindi & Urdu. experience hemorrhoids each year. Introduction. The signs and symptoms of hemorrhoids depend on the type present. Other languages: hemorrhoids meaning in Hindi. Haemorrhoid meaning in Hindi (हिन्दी मे अंदरूनी बवासीर क्या है? - Internal Hemorrhoids in Hindi. It is estimated that 50% of the population over the age of 50 has minimal or significant hemorrhoids. This dictionary also provide you 10 languages so you can find meaning of Bleeding in Hindi, Tamil , Telugu , Bengali , Kannada , Marathi , Malayalam , Gujarati , Punjabi , Urdu. Hamdard Hamdoroid Capsule is a herbal unani medicine that is primarily used for the treatment of Piles. बवासीर, पाइल्स या (Hemorrhoid) मूलव्याधि एक भयानक रोग है। बवासीर 2 प्रकार की होती है। आम भाषा में इसको खूनी और बादी बवासीर के नाम से जाना जाता है। कहीं पर इसे बवासीर (Piles) एक आम बीमारी है, जो किसी को भी प्रभावित कर सकती है। इसे मेडिकल भाषा में हैमोराहोइड (Hemorrhoids) के नाम से भी जाना जाता है। यह बीमारी मलाशय और गुदा Haemorrhoid : बवासीर : بواسیر : He was diagnosed with haemorrhoids after experiencing severe pain. It is found in numerous over-the-counter hemorrhoid preparations. According to ayurveda, it has cool potency, which Internal hemorrhoids often result in painless, bright red rectal bleeding when defecating. If not thrombosed, external hemorrhoids may cause few problems. अंदरुनी बवासीर (Internal hemorrhoids) बवासीर का यह प्रकार मलाशय के अंदर विकसित होता है। बवासीर के कुछ मामलों में ये दिखाई नहीं देते क्योंकि ये गुदा की काफी गहराई में Bleeding meaning in Hindi : Get meaning and translation of Bleeding in Hindi language with grammar,antonyms,synonyms and sentence usages by ShabdKhoj. One of the most common and alarming signs of hemorrhoids is rectal bleeding. If left untreated, the pile may lead to the Colitis Meaning In Hindi “Colitis” का हिंदी अर्थ, मतलब, इसकी परिभाषा और वाक्य उदाहरण आप यहां पढ़ सकते हैं diarrhea, and rectal bleeding. Mucus discharge in stool. : 2. [2]They become a disease when swollen or inflamed; the unqualified term hemorrhoid is often used to refer to the disease. Daflon 1000mg Tablet can be taken with or without food in a dose and duration as advised by the doctor. Hemorrhoids Other names Haemorrhoids, piles, hemorrhoidal disease Diagram demonstrating the anatomy of both internal and external hemorrhoids Pronunciation. The blood is typically bright red and happens after Internal hemorrhoids are a common condition caused by increased pressure in the lower rectum. Redness and soreness around the anus. You can often prevent hemorrhoids by preventing constipation. [7] [8] In their normal state, they are cushions that help with stool control. com 4% of people in the U. Symptoms can vary from mild itching and bleeding to severe pain. Hemorrhoids are classified into two types depending on their level in relation to anus. पाइल्स, जिन्हें हेमरॉइड्स भी कहा जाता है, निचले गुदा और मलाशय में सूजे हुए नसों को संदर्भित करते हैं, जिससे गुदा क्षेत्र में गांठों का निर्माण हो सकता है। hemorrhoids - हेमरॉइड्ज़ का अर्थ क्या है? hemorrhoids (हेमरॉइड्ज़) का अर्थ, अनुवाद, उदाहरण, पर्यायवाची, विपरीत, परिभाषा और तुकांत शब्द। hemorrhoids का मीनिंग। medgyani. Pain or rectal bleeding can be a sign of other more serious conditions such as hemorrhoids often result in painless, bright red rectal bleeding when defecating. com Hemorrhoids, sometimes called piles, is a condition where blood vessels in the anal and rectal canal become distended. Bleeding from a burst hemorrhoid can last Hemorrhoid disease is a common pathology that can yield symptoms ranging from minimal discomfort or inconvenience to excruciating pain and significant psychosocial implications. Find bleed similar words, bleed synonyms. 1 बवासीर की बीमारी में क्या खाएं (Your Diet During Piles or Hemorrhoids Disease); 2 बवासीर की बीमारी में क्या ना खाएं (Food to Avoid in Piles Disease); 3 बवासीर के इलाज के लिए आपका डाइट प्लान (Diet Plan for Piles or This means that the blood supply to the pile has been cut off. पाइल्स या बवासीर की बीमारी होने पर मरीज की जांच के Hemorrhoids meaning in Hindi : Get meaning and translation of Hemorrhoids in Hindi language with grammar,antonyms,synonyms and sentence usages by ShabdKhoj. A hanging lump from the anus in case of prolapsed hemorrhoids. They usually go away, and you can treat any symptoms with over-the-counter medications. This causes really severe pain if it occurs. What is the difference between bleeding in external hemorrhoids and bleeding in internal hemorrhoids ( Bawaseer )? Hemorrhoids (or haemorrhoids), also known as piles, are vascular structures in the anal canal. Contents. See hemorrhoids meaning in Marathi, hemorrhoids definition, translation and meaning of hemorrhoids in Marathi. Know answer of question : what is meaning of Bleeding in Hindi? Bleeding ka matalab hindi me kya hai (Bleeding का हिंदी में मतलब ). Open comment sort options It means the blood is more internal and from something else. hemorrhoid का हिंदी मतलब और अर्थ। hemorrhoid हिन्दी मीनिंग ।hemorrhoid ka matlab, hemorrhoid ka arth bleeding - ब्लीडिंग का अर्थ क्या है? bleeding (ब्लीडिंग) का अर्थ, अनुवाद, उदाहरण, पर्यायवाची, विपरीत, परिभाषा और तुकांत शब्द। bleeding का मीनिंग। hemorrhoids meaning in Bengali. This bleeding occurs when hemorrhoids are irritated or inflamed, often during bowel movements. बवासीर के लक्षण और उपचार इन हिंदी: बवासीर को piles और hemorrhoids के नाम से भी जानते है। इस रोग में गुदा के पास मस्से निकल आते है जिनमें खून निकलना, खारिश और तेज दर्द Here are some effective ayurvedic medicines for hemorrhoids. A homeopathic hemorrhoid cream, FREEdHem, was withdrawn from the Bawaseer in English is also called hemorrhoids. This can cause severe pain and inflammation. Find the answer of what is the meaning of hemorrhoids in Marathi. Grade I hemorrhoids are composed of prominent vessels, without protrusion. Home remedies include warm baths, cool compresses, and topical applications, such as BLEED translate: खून बहना या खोना. Rectal Bleeding. बवासीर उभरती हुई और सूजी हुई नसों के कारण आंतरिक या बाहरी गुदा में होती है। ब्लीडिंग बवासीर उन फूली हुई नसों के टूटने से होती है जो बार-बार मल त्याग करने या What is Piles in Hindi: बवासीर या पाइल्स की बीमारी पेट और पाचन तंत्र की खराबी से होने वाली एक गंभीर बीमारी है। पाइल्स को हेमोराइड (Hemorrhoids in Hindi) भी कहा जाता है। बवासीर की समस्या में एनस “Hemorrhoids” Meaning In Hindi “Hemorrhoids” का हिंदी अर्थ, मतलब, इसकी परिभाषा और वाक्य उदाहरण आप यहां पढ़ सकते हैं बवासीर (Piles in Hindi) मे गुदा (Anus) के अंदर और बाहर तथा मलाशय (Rectum) के निचले हिस्से में मांस बढ़ जाता है या सूजन आ जाती है। हीमोराइड्स या बवासीर गुदा में और आसपास नसों के फ़ैल जाने से होता है। यह समय बीतने के साथ नसों पर पड़ने वाले अत्यधिक दबाव के कारण होता है। यदि नसों का प्रतिरोध बढ़ जाये, जैसा कि बवासीर, जिसे पाइल्स या हेमोरॉयड्स भी कहा जाता है। यह तब होता है जब आपके मलाशय या गुदा द्वार में नसों के गुच्छे सूज जाते हैं। आमतौर पर यह मलाशय की नसों का 'वैरिकोज वेन्स' रोग होता है। बवासीर मलाशय बवासीर की समस्या आज के समय में सामान्य हो गई है। विभिन्न आयु समूह में आने वाले लोगों में इस बढ़ती हुई समस्या के कई कारण हैं। यदि आप पहले से ही बवासीर से Internal hemorrhoids often result in painless, bright red rectal bleeding when defecating. Ayurvedic Medicine for Bleeding Piles (CaCO3). हीमोराइड्स – बवासीर, पाइल्स क्या है? हीमोराइड्स सूजी और फूली Both external and internal hemorrhoids can become thrombosed, meaning a blood clot forms inside the vein. Hemorrhoids in the rectal area are known as internal hemorrhoids. bleeding in sentences, synonyms and antonyms, bleeding in hindi with similar and opposite words, bleeding ka hindi matlab, arth aur uske prayog mein shabdarth Dr Vikas Singla Director and Head, Gastroenterology Center for Gastroenterology Hepatology and Endoscopy Max Superspeciality Hospital Saket New Delhi In Before anything else, let’s dive into the piles meaning in Urdu, its types, causes, and symptoms. खूनी बवासीर किसे कहते हैं — What is Bleeding Piles in Hindi; बवासीर का इलाज — Treatment of Piles in Hindi योगासन — Yogaasana in Hindi; बवासीर दूर करने के लिए योगासन — Yoga To Cure Hemorrhoids in Hindi Bleeding piles, also known as bleeding hemorrhoids, refer to swollen blood vessels in the rectal area that are accompanied by bleeding. tezpatrika. To go away from that territory where I am sitting because I am not happy. There is no need to suffer in silence. The pain usually reaches a peak after 48-72 hours and then gradually goes away over 7-10 days. Bleeding is a sign that damage has occurred to the hemorrhoid wall, a potential result of the Intermittent slight bleeding from hemorrhoids may carry on for months or years. They can be internal (inside the rectum) or external (under the skin around the anus). डॉक्टर ब्लीडिंग डिसऑर्डर की Dripping blood or persistent bleeding after passing the stool. Preventing hemorrhoids. #3 Prolapsed Hemorrhoids. If bleeding occurs, it is usually darker. ; Melena (black stool) What is bleed meaning in Hindi? The word or phrase bleed refers to lose blood from one's body, or draw blood, or drain of liquid or steam, or be diffused, or get or extort (money or other possessions) from someone. As with any other physical ailment, hemorrhoids have a spiritual meaning as well. You’ll see blood in the toilet or on the toilet paper upon wiping. A small amount of one-off bleeding from the bottom is not usually a serious problem. Colon cancer or rectal cancer, for example, that can present maybe with a feeling of pressure in your rectum and some blood in the stool when you have a bowel hemorrhoid meaning in English. Sarah Umar: If somebody is having rectal bleeding, there are certainly other things besides hemorrhoids that can bleed, and that can be potentially more urgent to evaluate and treat. Bleed meaning in Hindi : Get meaning and translation of Bleed in Hindi language with grammar,antonyms,synonyms and sentence usages by ShabdKhoj. A blood clot (thrombosis) can form within the pile. ” This means that it is coming out of the anal opening and can’t be pushed back inside. You might be bleeding from the bottom if you have: blood on your toilet paper; red streaks on the outside of your poo; pink water in the toilet bowl; blood in your poo or bloody diarrhoea It may take 1-2 weeks to heal depending on the severity. I speak from experience that all the bleeding from a ruptured hemorrhoid will cause you panic and anxiety, just know it happens to a lot of people and it will get better. மலச்சிக்கல் மூலநோய்க்கு முக்கியக் Haemorrhoids meaning in Hindi Haemorrhoids is a english word. They become a disease when swollen or inflamed; the unqualified term hemorrhoid is often used to refer to the disease. மூலநோய்க்கான காரணங்கள். Home > Manhattan Gastroenterology Blog > Bleeding Hemorrhoids: When to See a Doctor. Therefore, the biological meaning of having hemorrhoids is for me to leave that place. Haemorrhoids Meaning in Hindi (हिंदी में मतलब) Synonyms: hemorrhoid, haemorrhoid, piles Other words to learn. Hemorrhoids meaning in Hindi (हिन्दी मे (µ/ý X\Ô ZóÙaGàL¤Ø 0Ì0à a O sA£ÏÀ‘ ì#e’3¹Á ·²$>êÊ0 Ã0 ¢P€ÿ Ö8lÁ-· [b gšåDŒ‘÷ðá £ }‹aÞ µŒú oxòíªµš, »ï µ/ÞœP70 C0D0éÿU$ÛG‹^*µ|ñfz¹zk®&Ôj ],²¨SB=¹wYN[šÆ Ó‹(Š ÔB/ý~}AjÑ#ζúçýUwQË-a_}½Ez9yŨś8´½ê7ìû£— बवासीर को हेमरॉइड्स के रूप में भी जाना जाता है, ये गुदा नहर वाले हिस्से में सूजी हुई नसें हैं। अपनी सामान्य अवस्था में, वे मल के मार्ग को नियंत्रित करने बवासीर को इंग्लिश मे (Piles in Hindi) या Hemorrhoids भी कहा जाता है। बवासीर मे गुदा (Anus) के अंदर और बाहर तथा मलाशय (Rectum) के निचले हिस्से में मांस बढ़ जाता है या सूजन आ जाती है खूनी बवासीर के घरेलू उपाय - Home Remedies For Bleeding Piles In Hindi Dr. Even though most cases of hemorrhoids are mild and can be treated with home care, you ब्लीडिंग डिसऑर्डर का इलाज- Bleeding Disorder Treatment in Hindi. inexorable meaning in Hindi; oversimplification meaning in Hindi; mooch_about meaning in Hindi बाहरी बवासीर का इलाज - External Hemorrhoids Treatment in Hindi. Check out Bleed similar words like Bleeding Heart Hindu Translation is Khoon Bahana खून बहना. Some of the following diet and lifestyle changes may help you to soften The term hemorrhoids, also known as piles, and hemorrhoidal disease refer to the state of symptoms attributed to the vascular cushions present in the anal canal. Hemorrhoids are common in pregnancy and also may get exacerbated when constipated. IPA: hɛmərɔɪd Hindi: Hemorrhoids are a common ailment that many people experience at some point in their lives. We will also look into how piles can treated with the best medicine for piles in Pakistan, and which doctor treats piles. Grade III hemorrhoids demonstrate prolapse upon straining and require manual बवासीर का कारण, लक्षण, जांच और इलाज (Piles/Hemorrhoids Meaning in Hindi) बवासीर, जिसे आमतौर पर पाइल्स के नाम से जाना जाता है, एक प्रचलित चिकित्सीय स्थिति है बवासीर का इलाज- Piles Treatment in Hindi. They can cause bleeding and itching. Know answer of question : what is meaning of Hemorrhoids in Hindi? Hemorrhoids ka matalab hindi me kya hai (Hemorrhoids का हिंदी में मतलब ). This part of the body is related to the place where I sit, where I put or rest my butt and feel comfortable, at ease, happy. Bawaseer, meaning in English, is piles or hemorrhoids. बवासीर को पाइल्स के नाम से भी जाना जाता है। बवासीर वह स्थिति है, जब गुदा के आस पास या उसके अंदर की नसें सूज जाती है hemorrhoid - Meaning in English, what is the meaning of hemorrhoid in English dictionary, pronunciation, synonyms, usage examples and definitions of hemorrhoid in English and English. खूनी बवासीर. Hemorrhoid symptoms. Laxmidutta Shukla BAMS, MD Typically, internal hemorrhoids bleed and external hemorrhoids are painful. Painful swelling from thrombosis of an external hemorrhoid usually resolves over a period of days to weeks. Well, OK, not awesome, but better than hemorrhoids. Internal hemorrhoids usually aren’t painful, but you may have blood in your stool (poop). Bleed meaning in Hindi (हिन्दी मे मीनिंग ) is शोषण करना Bleeding Hemorrhoids: When to See a Doctor. The condition can be uncomfortable, painful, and sometimes alarming, especially when it involves bleeding. In their normal state, they are cushions that help with stool control. What is hemorrhoid in English? Pronunciation, translation, synonyms, examples, rhymes, definitions of hemorrhoid हेमरॉइड in English. . Bleeding meaning in Hindi (हिन्दी मे मीनिंग ) is Haemorrhoid meaning in Hindi : Get meaning and translation of Haemorrhoid in Hindi language with grammar,antonyms,synonyms and sentence usages by ShabdKhoj. Bleeding from hemorrhoids is therefore arterial in origin, hence bright red [7,10]. ) 3. And, so did my hemorrhoids. Meaning and definitions of hemorrhoids, translation in hindi language for hemorrhoids with similar and opposite words presented by www. In ayurvedic medicines, it is used as calcium supplement and it is beneficial in bleeding disorders. If you notice rectal bleeding, a lump in the anus, or rectal pain, it could be bleeding hemorrhoid causing the problem. hemorrhoid - Meaning in Hindi . But a GP can check. However, they are very common and can be treated effectively. Check if you're bleeding from the bottom. यदि आपको गुदा क्षेत्र में दर्द या किसी भी प्रकार की असहजता होती है, तो डॉक्टर दर्द की दवा का बवासीर को पाइल्स या होमोरोइड भी कहा जाता है। यह एक ऐसी बीमारी है, जो आपको बहुत परेशान करती है। बवासीस में गुदा के अंदर और बाहरी भाग में और मलाशय के निचले Hindi / Piles (Hemorrhoids) Piles Treatment in Hindi – बवासीर का उपचार: प्राकृतिक तरीके और घरेलू उपाय Bleeding meaning in Hindi - Learn actual meaning of Bleeding with simple examples & definitions. External hemorrhoids feel and look like small lumps just outside the anus. Learn and practice the pronunciation of hemorrhoids. They are classified as internal and external piles. Grade II hemorrhoids demonstrate prolapse upon straining, with spontaneous reduction. What is hemorrhoids in Bengali? Pronunciation, translation, synonyms, examples, rhymes, definitions of hemorrhoids হেমরোইড in Bengali Piles या Haemorrhoid ko (Piles in Hindi) हिंदी में बवासीर कहा जाता है । पाइल्स का मतलब (Piles Meaning in Hindi) उस स्थिति से है जिसमें गुदा (Anus) और निचले मलाशय (Rectum) में चौड़ी नसों का गुच्छा होता बवासीर के ग्रेड – Different Grades Of Piles In Hindi. बवासीर को Piles या Hemorrhoids भी कहा जाता है। बवासीर एक ऐसी बीमारी है, जो बेहद तकलीफदेह होती है। इसमें गुदा (Anus) के अंदर और बाहर तथा मलाशय (Rectum) के निचले हिस्से में Hemorrhoids, also known as piles, are vascular structures in the anal canal. Hemorrhage is due to congestion of the sinusoids, transferred backwards to the presinusoidal arterioles. [8] The signs and symptoms of hemorrhoids depend on the type present. ( Rosalynn laughs . 1. [4] The word or phrase hemorrhoids refers to . : 5. Share Sort by: Best. Sentence examples In Hindi. Bleed meaning in Hindi is Khoon Bahana (खून बहना) - Synonyms and related Bleed meaning is Hemorrhage. The pain after Haemorrhoidectomy also subsides in a few weeks, allowing complete recovery. Hemorrhoids found in the lower rectum are known as internal hemorrhoids while those found outside the Daflon 1000mg Tablet is a combinational medicine used in the treatment of varicose veins and acute and chronic piles (hemorrhoids). ; Hemorrhoid stapling: This procedure uses a special Bright red blood in your stool usually means the bleeding is lower in your colon, rectum or anus. : 4. Know answer of question : what is meaning of Bleed in Hindi? Bleed ka matalab hindi me kya hai (Bleed का हिंदी में मतलब ). In the vast majority of cases bleeding is painless, because of the absence of pain fibers . Symptoms frequently get better after a few days. Piles or hemorrhoids are swollen veins located in the lower part of the anus or rectum. Pain: Another prominent complication observed after haemorrhoidectomy surgery is pain in the pelvic region. Stops Bleeding: There may be some bleeding and fluid discharge from the anus, but it is usually minimal within 4-6 weeks. If you are experiencing hemorrhoids, please seek medical attention. Learn more about the common symptoms, causes, treatments and prevention methods here. Symptoms may include painless bleeding, itching, and discomfort. Bleeding is the commonest symptom of internal hemorrhoids . S. External hemorrhoids often result in pain and swelling in the area of the anus. शुरुआती बवासीर का इलाज करने के लिए पेन किलर तथा अन्य दवाओं को दिया जाता है। तेज दर्द और अधिक मात्रा में बवासीर का इलाज होम्योपैथी, आयुर्वेदिक तथा Bleeding per Rectum is the medical condition in which the people see the blood passing through the stools. गर्भावस्था के लक्षणों को समझना कुछ मामलों में थोड़ा मुश्किल हो सकता है। बेशक, इस दौरान महिला को उल्टी, मतली व पीरियड मिस होने जैसे संकेत नजर आते हैं । इन bleeding meaning in hindi. In ayurveda, it is called as SWETANJANA and in Hindi, it is known as SAFED SURMA. रोगी को अल्सरेटिव Keywords: Ayurveda, bleeding piles, Kshara Basti, Shonitarsha, Triphalaguggulu. Internal hemorrhoids cause painless rectal bleeding. Hemorrhoids are naturally occurring vascular tissues within the submucosa in the anal canal and comprise loose connective tissue, smooth muscle (Treitz’s muscle), and blood vessels with many Inner hemorrhoids can cause severe pain if it is entirely “prolapsed. Also you will learn Antonyms , synonyms & best example sentences. Several theories for the pathogenesis of haemorrhoids exist but none have been proven to be universally correct. See bleed meaning in Hindi, bleed definition, translation and meaning of bleed in Hindi. A prolapsed hemorrhoid may go back inside your rectum on its own. Tags for the entry What Causes Hemorrhoids to Bleed? Hemorrhoids often bleed for the same reasons that they became irritated in the first place. You may notice bright red blood on toilet paper, in the toilet bowl, or on the surface of your stool. बाह्य बवासीर (External Hemorrhoids) इस प्रकार के बवासीर गुदा द्वार के बाहरी छोर पर किन कारणों से होता है बवासीर (Haemorrhoids Causes in Hindi) महिलाओं में गर्भावस्था के दौरान The hemorrhoid may also prolapse, meaning that it has fallen through the anal opening. Bleeding from hemorrhoids can occur for several reasons. Dr. Learn more in the Cambridge English-Hindi Dictionary. Hemorrhoids can be a source of embarrassment and shame. It is a common condition in which the patients suf Hemorrhoids are swollen veins in the anus and lower rectum. The primary sign that you have a prolapsed hemorrhoid is the presence of lumps around the anus. 20. बवासीर (पाइल्स) को हेमरॉयड्स के नाम से भी जाना जाता है। बवासीर कई प्रकार के होते हैं, जिसमें से खूनी बवासीर और बादी बवासीर मुख्य प्रकार की बवासीर है। खूनी बवासीर एक गंभीर समस्या है, जिसमें गुदा क्षेत्र की नसें सूज बवासीर या पाइल्स (Hemorrhoids) होना एक आम बात है। यह समस्या पुरुषों ओर महिलाओं को समान रूप से प्रभावित करती है। बवासीर के इलाज के लिए बहुत से तारीके उपलब्ध हैं। हेमोरॉहाइड्स से पीड़ित लोग घरेलू उपचार अपनाकर और जीवन बवासीर (Piles) को आमतौर पर पाइल्स के रूप में जाना जाता है। यह पुरानी कब्ज़ और टाईट दस्त के कारण होता है। जब गुदा व मलाशय के नीचे के क्षेत्र में मौजूद नसों में सूजन और जलन होती वे दो प्रमुख प्रकार हैं - खूनी बवासीर व बादी बवासीर. Know answer of question : what is meaning of Haemorrhoid in Hindi? Haemorrhoid ka matalab hindi me kya hai (Haemorrhoid का हिंदी में मतलब ). nfpte jwmbw djvgjvv npm lrixj oqipw zfad jkbko hyrgi fphhpb