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Best rubber upholstery webbing for couch reddit Buy online in NZ. 35 ILD rated form is tested at 4 inches but if you have 3 inches of that rated 35 ILD foam it will be closer to 30 ILD in reality because there is less foam, thus less supportive. 6Inch Silver End Clips for Rubber Webbing with Screws Chair Rubber Upholstery Webbing End Clips for Rubber Webbing £15. Open menu Open navigation Go to Reddit Home. Specifications. Thanks! Share Add a Comment. Sign up for Newsletter. There are a few kinds of foam, but broadly there are two types of foams: standard foam and high resiliency (HR) foam. FREE delivery Fri, Feb 28 on $35 of items shipped by Amazon. 8 density/50 ILD foam and put some batting around it- feels awesome! The 2 users of this couch are over 6ft tall/ 200lbs and 250 lbs respectively and so im looking for a back foam that would work best This was a good exchange of comments so I think someone It's kind of like the cloud couch but has a wood frame. Loosen the bolts on the sides to release the tension. FREE delivery Thu, Jan 23 on $35 of items shipped by Amazon. Another just popped off and they won’t fix it because the warranty on my very first couch is up. So you would go with 36 but you have only seen it used with springs? I think the sofa has rubber webbing. Best of luck to you. It’s looking worse and worse, and since I only ever sit I recently ordered a couch that is reasonably comfortable, but I've read some threads about people who add a bit of high-density foam (from places Skip to main content. Premium 50mm Elasticated Seat Webbing $ 4. When I redo this, should the Advertisement Coins. Availability: Out of stock SKU: 5065013567662 Categories: Upholstery Supplies, Upholstery Webbing Tag: upholstery webbing. r/upholstery A chip A close button. Reply Psychological-Bee548 • Additional comment actions. 2,406. Premium Powerups Explore Gaming the best you can do is add webbing in the spaces between the springs, and stretch it as tight as possible with a webbing tightener tool. Get app Get the Reddit app Log In Log in to Reddit. Anyone use jute webbing for the bed? Any ideas other than jute webbing? Thank you. r/dogs /r/dogs is a place for dog owners of all levels of knowledge, skill, and experience to discuss various topics related to responsible dog ownership. . Jute webbing, rubber webbing for seat and back cushions. But there’s nothing faster or more effective for removing fur from furniture that I have ever Skip to main content. 99 £ 15 . It has hand tied springs supported by jute webbing. Top. Any advice is greatly appreciated! Three piece green velvet sectional. Pirelli rubber webbing is reinforced rubber webbing to give a combination of soft comfort and rugged durability. I will also rake the seat more. But it can be fixed directly to a wooden rail with upholstery webbing tacks or staple If it’s the cushion you can go to an upholstery shop and have them replace the foam, this is the easiest and most common issue. g. 5 beds. There are some other ways of minimizing scratching. Base for the stuffings and fabric. Width: 2" Compatible with rubber webbing clips (239 Upholstery Webbing Chair Couch Material Replacement,Elastic Webbing Latex Band, Stretchy Spring Alternative, Furniture Repair DIY Elasbelt 2" Wide (10m/32ft) 4. I have no idea how old it is. Jute, elastic, and poly webbing. There's some anecdotal evidence that cats are not very fond of Microfiber surfaces. As with most fabrics, however, the options below can be used for a multitude of your clients’ projects. It gives excellent support when stretched across the furniture frame. Add to cart-Remove. Not an expert on fabrics, but we’ve had this couch almost a decade and it has no damage. ) This jute webbing is the foundation for the deck. ebay. Idk what the proper name for those is, lol. Before I knew what pirelli webbing was, I ordered some heavy jute straps off of Amazon. February 2025; January 2025; December 2024; Check out our rubber webbing for upholstery selection for the very best in unique or custom, handmade pieces from our fabric shops. After my initial Elastic, rubber or jute webbing advice? Hi there, I’m rewebbing a vintage teak case couch, love seat and chair. The webbing of my chair is secured to the bottom of the frame rather than the top as I see in most how-to videos. Keeping costs down. Best. Richard Drury/Taxi/GettyImages . Premium 50mm Elasticated Seat Webbing is your Repairing or replacing couch webbing straps can give a beloved old sofa a new lease on life. Signup for our newsletter to get notified about sales and new products. Coins. Tape and webbing fabric can be applied by sewing or using adhesive or heat. Grips usually fix rubber webbing into grooves on furniture. Recovered the seat and back cushions way back then, and the fabric is still holding up great but the seat webbing (a woven type that looks like it’s rubberized). Upholstery Supplies; Webbing; Premium 50mm Elasticated Seat Webbing; Price Currency NoticeAll prices are displayed in Australian Dollars. I'd have to get pretty lucky The couch cushions are firm but super comfortable, however the back is low and not cushioned, and the sofa itself is very narrow, so not much room for a bunch of pillows to enhance comfort. The upholstery is 100% polyester. They spill things and jump on the couch constantly. It’s a low flat modern style couch and when I replaced the sagging webbing I found someone in the past didn’t know what they were doing, as they used black stripe backing webbing, and it was spaced too far apart. So, so much dust. There are tools made just for this purpose that are House2Home Webbing for Lawn Chairs and Furniture, Upholstery Webbing to Repair Couch Supports for Sagging Cushions, 3 Inch Wide by 60 Foot Roll 10% Stretch Elastic Chair Webbing Replacement 4. For the life of me I can't work google good enough to figure out what it is. I know I should replace the webbing BUT the place on the frame where its anchored will mean having to de-staple the leather and I fear causing more I personally find that rubber does the job best. DIY bed frame and mattress. I don't remember the brand. Open menu Open navigation Go to Reddit Home So Reddit, give me your favorite couch suggestions please! And what fabric you got if there were options (performance fabrics etc). + Cornucopia Brands Metal Chair Webbings Clips (25-Pack); Replacement Upholstery Furniture Clamps w/ Screws Included. The “body” of the couch frame Heavy Duty Elastic Upholstery Webbing Per Roll. The most durable English webbing is made entirely from flax. 99 FREE delivery Tomorrow, 21 Dec on your first eligible order to UK or Ireland I've had this couch for years and just now got around to reupholstering it. Etsy. Something like this: https://www. I've done upholstery before, but this will be my first time with coil springs and curved armrests You can specify style, what kind of springs, how soft the cushions are, and what fabric or leather is on it. You might even be able to visit at various points to make sure they're using, e. I went about 3 degrees and I will probably reccomend 5 here. We've heard mostly good things about Room and board customer service. 2. 99 $ 14. For the arms and other parts that don't fit in the washer, I used a can of foaming upholstery cleaner. Webbing and tape are available by the yard or roll in different fabrics and sizes. Premium Powerups Explore Gaming. When the seat foam loses it’s life ,which it eventually will after a few years, you can replace it easily to get more life out of your couch. 0 coins. 19 $ 11. I have a serger so I was thinking I might try to serge the edges of each piece before putting it together. Adding Choosing the best upholstery webbing means selecting the right type of material to support the coil springs on a couch or chair. Bought Elastic 10% Stretch Latex Webbing Upholstery Elasticated Band Strap Belt Elastic Spool 2" inches Wide x 20' feet, for Sofa/Couch/Chair Furniture Repair DIY or Replacement 4. Also, when picking cushions it's best that you test the cushion at it's thickness as the ILD will change with more or less foam. 00 . Make sure you pull it really tight I have been asked to reweb a set of contemporary furniture (chair, "ottoman", sofa). 5 out of 5 stars Pulling at the webbing I can feel that there's a bit of slack causing the seat to sag. A heavy-duty staple remover is your best friend when replacing worn couch webbing. I’m a hobbyist woodworker/furniture builder (tables, cabinets) but have no experience with upholstery or creating upholstered furniture. Heavy Duty Elastic Upholstery Webbing Per Roll £ 30. TECEUM 1" & 1. 99 $ 9. Old. It's not springs and it's not webbing. This subreddit is a great starting point for Check out our rubber upholstery webbing selection for the very best in unique or custom, handmade pieces from our fabric shops. Valheim Genshin Impact Minecraft Pokimane Halo Infinite Call of Duty: Warzone Path of Exile Hollow Knight: Silksong Escape from Tarkov Watch Dogs: Legion. Rubber webbing is a prevalent resource in upholstery and is considered the most elastic upholstery webbing. If the webbing is re-stretched and springs re-tied there shouldn't be a need for springs inside the cushions. Skip to main content. Hi, One of our kids came in from school one day and jumped into the middle of the couch with all their weight causing the base piece under the cushions to snap. However, the fabric is really degrading. 7 out of 5 stars. Perfect Fit Living. New. 00, and you My first sofa broke, got replaced in an upholstery I didn’t want bc my original was discontinued, second one broke, they redesigned the couch (Eliot sectional) so they gave me a third sofa, a button popped off that and they fixed it. And I have a Gabby is the bane of my existence. Consider the Furniture Style: Antique furniture often pairs well with jute webbing, while modern designs might benefit from rubber or elastic webbing. Have an upholsterer fix the deck: new jute webbing and new deck fabric on the sofa. r/upholstery A chip A close button Rubber webbing (also known as Pirelli webbing) is made from rubber and cord. There are plenty of videos on how to use this as well. Question regarding repairing inner couch cushions. Expand user menu Open settings menu. It is the best quality webbing that is an ideal alternative to jute for upholstery antique and fine furniture. I used to clean as a side gig, and I’ve spent way too much time cleaning couches. 50. Last time I found a 1” webbing I liked, I ordered a roll of Skip to main content. This is after and when I say after I mean not less than 3 years after they bought a company called Southern and ran it into the ground making their upholstery. Upholstery webbing might be hidden beneath the surface, but it plays a vital role in the comfort and durability of your furniture. You’re best bet is to find something and use scotch guard on it to waterproof it. Controversial. Carefully try to slide out the plastic spline; you can also razor it out but try not to break it bc a new hank of it costs about 25. It sanitizes and cleans without having harsh chemicals around the family or pets. It currently has green elastic webbing so I'm going Skip to main content. It has wood crosspieces in the middle of the seat and one could honestly sustain a minor bruise if they sat down too enthusiastically in that spot with the current cushions. There are several important differences between low-quality webbing used on inexpensive mass produced sofas and the high-quality webbing used on expensive custom upholstery. SUPERFINDINGS 50Pcs Metal End Clips Webbings Clips 2x0. I also got a Go to upholstery r/upholstery . 353. diatriose • Have you been to Fourth St? Reply reply Aware-Location-5426 • This is the answer, just walk down 4th between Easily compare & choose from the best Furniture Upholstery Webbing for you. That Hi! I just bought this velvet couch from CB2 and it is a cotton-poly blend (not performance) . Doesn't have a lot of give. Sports. Share Add a Comment. Is Pirelli Rubber Webbing still considered the best for Danish furniture? I managed to cover my entire couch except one corner where I ran out of sheets, and guess which bit has been thoroughly scratched up. 300+ bought in past month. Not the best work for beginning upholsterers, but if you’re up to the challenge, it can be done. It is suggested that for an average seat the degree of stretch should be from 7% to 10%. Help This wicker loveseat was a $25 CL find from over 15 yrs ago. I have these 2 chairs with pirelli rubber webbing that has long since worn out and I'm trying to find a replacement for it. It has Pirelli rubber Selecting the most suitable upholstery webbing involves choosing the correct type of fabric to hold the coil springs that are on chairs or couches. On a couch its typical to have a small tilt from front to back on the seat to slide you into the couch vs slip off the couch. ca/i/262701939579?chn=ps&dispItem=1. Get app Get the Help this diy-er with first time replacing furniture webbing, 90 degree clips, not fitting into slots. Open comment sort options. Log In / Sign Up; Advertise 86K subscribers in the upholstery community. Little guy has sharp nails, so leather is out, and so is keeping him off the couch (he thinks he is a cat). I hope you have other things in that room to sit on. This is very heavy Duty Webbing, Very StrongSOLD "BY THE FOOT" Sold By the So, I’m trying to build a couch. They come in various sizes, with handheld options Heritage Components is pleased to offer authentic, high quality natural rubber Pirelli webbing to our customers, at the best price available on the market. Perelli webbing and webbing clips. We have 3 very rowdy kids. Open comment sort Buy Upholstery Webbing products and get the best deals at the lowest prices on eBay! Great Savings & Free Delivery / Collection on many items Below are 13 common types of upholstery and the most common ways they are used. They're often used in conjunction with steel webbing hardware, like dee rings and buckles I'm not exactly expecting the best quality but I'd rather look at that than messy looking blankets draped all over the couch, and maybe we could get away with just draping them over the arms. But The best upholstery depends on the people and other creatures that live in your home, but "performance" fabrics are going to be more stain and dirt repellent, easier to clean, and likely longer lasting. Couch non-webbing repair question . Don't buy a Furniture Upholstery Webbing in the UK before reading our rankings | TopChoice. , hardwood for the frame or the higher quality webbing and springs for the structure. r/upholstery. They're great for hard surfaces but not ideal for fabrics like upholstery. By selecting the right type and installing it correctly, To do the repair to a couch like this would take me 4-6 hours. You only get two pick 2 at a time. I clean the pet fur off of my dining chairs by wiping them with these rubber disks called “fur zappers” that are designed to go in the laundry. I suggest if you are going to go this route to do this first! Don't tie your springs if the webbing is loose or else you will end up doing it again. Unfortunately, all the reviews for the sheets say that they'll destroy leather/pleather couches. Zoom In. Have NO idea about the stuff used in place of webbing and springs. Or fastest delivery Tomorrow, Feb 24 . Etsy . The rubber provides the resilience and the cord the degree of elasticity and additional reinforcements. In Stock . 6 out of 5 stars. They will build it out of hardwood using the best materials. Think About Usage: For furniture used daily, choose a durable and resilient material like rubber or polypropylene. The webbing below the springs was secured with tacks which are falling out, and the webbing itself is not in good condition. I only buy upholstered furniture that can be safely cleaned with water based products for this reason. I use them in the laundry too, and they’re great. 99 FREE delivery Tomorrow, 21 Dec on your first eligible order to UK or Ireland According to Reddit, OXO is considered a reputable brand. Nylon or plastic based webbing is ideal for outdoor use. I also have an indoor cat and I’m going to take the necessary precautions to keep her from scratching it (she’s not a big scratcher anyways). Its most popular types of products are: Spatulas (#1 of 25 brands on Reddit) Can Openers (#1 of 23 brands on Reddit) Electric Kettles (#4 of 35 brands on Reddit) If you'd like to summon me to ask about a product, just make a post with its link and tag me, like in this example. PO replaced webbing with plywood board and the furniture was so If you are using webbing instead of springs, you need to use rubber webbing. I'm fixing a 2 part section couch that has started to sag a ton over the last 6 months. The webbing is in tact but stretched out, and I don't know that I'm confident enough to remove all of the Skip to main content. Anyway, I agree with others that a bissell little green or spot bot is a great way to keep this type of upholstery looking good. Adding a little bit of catnip to the regular scratch post or the carboard scratcher can keep the kitty off the furniture. 19. 86K subscribers in the upholstery community. HR foam is foamed differently to increase its durability under repeated deformation (sitting on it a lot), which means it lasts longer. This high quality webbing is used for chairs and sofas and is a great alternative to springs. I want to buy a protectant spray to be on the safer side in case there are any spills. r/dogs. I’m looking for something much more Skip to main content. Springs and jute webbing or rubber webbing, and of springs either 86K subscribers in the upholstery community. Account for Environment: If your furniture will be Every time I buy webbing, I feel like the quality is different. Lower-quality levels have a portion of hemp, cotton or linen, Rubber webbing is still used in Europe, but the vast majority of webbing is now made with synthetic "elasticized" materials such as nylon. co. I am thinking of using 2" or 3" 18050 foam with covers I make. At IKEA, they have sitting couches and storage couches My current couch sags and instead of buying a new piece of furniture I've decided to repair it. The couch was manufactured with green/black elastic webbing and it's lost its integrity. I'm a garment sewer and quilter, but I am confident in my box cushion sewing skills. Determine this by moving the cushions around and seeing if it’s still soft on that side. 75" x 30". I Upholstery webbing, strapping for furniture seats, inside arms and backs. Plus then I won't have to look at all the pulls on my leather couch, which I plan on eventually repairing but it will cost around $100 to fix and might not even work. It has been redone at least Yup, our “stuff" is made by Pirelli, the Italian dudes / dudettes who make tires and rubber, so you're getting the best quality product made by a trusted brand. Or fastest delivery Mon, Jan 20 . Newsletter . Upholstery webbing gives Choosing the best upholstery webbing means selecting the right type of material to support the coil springs on a couch or chair. r/myog A chip A close button. The springs and twine look "newer"but as you can see, the burlap is very old and gross. Description Additional information Description Heavy Duty Elastic Webbing. As for the webbing, you could take it loose and re-tighten this as well, with a webbing stretcher. You can pretreat the stains (i prefer an oxygen based liquid) and brush with the steam wand. People with small kids or dogs, people who like to eat on the sofa, people who have a lot parties, etc. Share Sort by: Best. They seem to try and work with you no matter how long So my google-fu has run out on this project, although I have stumbled across quite a bit of new information. The torn fabric is not causing the sagging. Traditional webbing is made from jute fiber, so is for indoor use only, as it's not water or mold proof. Gather Your Tools and Supplies. I had the Ole Miss football coach sit on a couch and it break in half under him. Categories Accessories Art & Collectibles Baby Bags & Purses Bath & Beauty Books, Movies & Music Clothing Craft Supplies & Tools Electronics & Accessories Gifts Home & Living Jewelry Paper & Party Supplies Pet Supplies Shoes Toys Best store for upholstery fabric? Question? I'm recovering some chairs for the holidays and want to look for fabric at the place with the best selection. upvotes · comments. Depending on the quality of the I have a couch in my apartment that my mom bought off of FaceBook Marketplace for $50 about two years ago. Ignite your vintage chair restoration project with these top upholstery fabrics that will bring style and authenticity to your antique piece. Log In / Sign Up; Advertise I'll be using a 100% cotton upholstery grade fabric since I purchased it as a backup when I first reupholstered my couch, and it did end up fraying because I wasn't thinking and machine washed the covers after my dog made a mistake on the couch right before I had to go to work. Premium Explore Gaming. Price, product page $11. Exposed webbing is often present in certain types of outdoor furniture, where bands of plastic or rubber are stretched across aluminum frames to provide a seating area. Q&A. Honestly, the ILD gets rather confusing the more you dig into it and is used more House2Home Metal End Clips for Rubber Webbing, Upholstery Repair for Sofa Chair Furniture, Includes Instructions (20 Pack) $9. It's a medium firm and comfortable to lounge in. Make sure you ask for high density upholstery foam with the longest possible lifespan and it will remain bouncy for 20 years if used regularly. Sold by House2Home-US and ships from Amazon Fulfillment. NFL Tips for Choosing the Right Webbing. They bought a company called Stanford. Look for a couch that has removable cushions on no-sag seat springs. Upholstery Cleaners: These are typically what people think of when they mention couch cleaning. mahdicktoobig • I’ve accepted that any sofa I replace my current one with would get just as fucked up by my 4yo. Discover more about “Made in Italy”, a label synonymous througho To clean the couch though, it depends a bit on what cloth type it is. Still, I want to try. Less confident in the structural furniture elements, though! If the springs are in bad shape, is it possible to replace them with webbing? Unfortunately I'm I have the opposite question, can I replace a couch webbing with springs. There are five varieties of upholstery webbing: jute, English, nylon, polyester and rubber. I would also check the quality of the We offer a very good choice of high quality upholstery webbing at very affordable price as pirelli webbing, black and white cotton herringbone, jute webbing Skip to content. Log In / Sign Up; Advertise on Reddit; Shop Collectible Avatars; Get the Reddit There are most likely springs in the base of the couch under the cushions anyway. I did that a few months ago with my fabric/microfiber couch, and it did a great job (I did not put the covers in the dryer, just in case they might shrink). It just makes for a rather uncomfortable couch. r/upholstery iwannaelroyyou . If you disassemble an actual couch, you'll find that there is very little room anywhere to store stuff. I have a big comfy armchair I use for watching tv The fabric you’re looking for doesn’t exist. Just a week ago, I replaced my seat cushions with a 2. might be better off with these choices. Most Common Types of Upholstery Fabric I have a flex steel sofa. Log In / Sign Up; Advertise I recently got a new couch. Good quality fabrics won't look It is a wood framed couch with metal slats and springs underneath, that originally had box cushions. You will also need a small bowl or trash can, a roll of sofa webbing replacement straps, upholstery tacks and a hammer, Pet the couch in circles with those latex or rubber gloves! r/upholstery. The new webbing is much better for sitting, but if I Yes, lawn chair webbing should work. I’ve built an exposed wooden frame for the couch, and plan to use coiled springs as the suspension for cushions. Pirelli webbing, also known as nylon webbing or rubber webbing, has been used in European Shop products that have been wholly produced or have undergone their last substantial transformation in Italy. In the second picture you can see jute webbing (Jute webbing has a red line on it. If the jute webbing is sagging, the deck is sagging. 23 £ 8 . I personally use my steam cleaner that has attachments for the upholstery. Upholsterer here. This is all This is the part that usually deteriorates first, so you want to buy the couch with the best foam you can find (and budget for). 5" & 2" Webbing – 10 25 50 Yards – 40+ Colors – Heavy Duty 1 Inch 1. 23 How you will apply webbing and tape will depend on your project and the materials you choose. Members Online. It didn’t LOOK great when we bought it, but it mostly in good shape physically, and I was covering it in pillows and blankets anyway. 1 / 5. There’s nothing that is strong + comfortable + cheap. 99. It will be occasional use and for small children. Although Pirelli webbing hasn’t been around quite as long as 8-way hand-tied springs, it is yet another tried-and-true suspension method. It is the ideal replacement for worn or damaged seat webbing Thanks for your suggestion. I’d take it off and web the whole bottom Surface Sanitizers: These are often handheld models like the Dupray, with nozzles that release steam for sanitizing surfaces. It will always return to its original position. 5 out of 5 stars 50 £8. I have woodworking and upholstery experience. Upholstery webbing is what gives furniture its Upholstery webbing for building furniture. If it is the deck underneath the foam you will have determine what is the supporting the cushion. PayPal, Visa and MasterCard will automatically exchange the currency on payment. I absolutely love it; it’s so comfy and sturdy. Used in high grade furniture, and used by upholsterers for a wide array of classic chair and sofa reupholstery projects, including Ercol, Parker Knoll, and G-Plan. Lol. Webbing. Depending on the material, upholstery webbing This is my first upholstery project, I'm a complete newbie at this. To make their upholstery. 4. The main thing is to find a way to stretch the webbing tight over the frame before stapling. Heavy Duty Elastic Webbing is used in couches and chairs as a Best Seller in Climbing Webbing +36 other colors/patterns. $14. Categories Accessories Art & Collectibles Baby Bags & Purses Bath & Beauty Books, Movies & Music Clothing Craft Supplies & Tools Electronics & Accessories Gifts Home & Living Jewelry Paper & Party Supplies Pet Supplies Shoes Toys 87K subscribers in the upholstery community. Due to its inherent strength and elasticity, you don't need coil springs, lowering the production costs of furniture. The springs may not sag, but they do squeak and snap fittings after 10 years, also put uneven pressure on the foam and will cut through from underneath over time. If your old rubber webbing width is 1-1/2" to 1-3/4", it's likely shrunk down from two inches, the standard width of I always remove the zigzag springs and use 3" elastic webbing, it lasts so much longer and gives an even smooth comfort level across the sofa. Sort by: Best. 5 Inch 2 Inch Webbing for Climbing Outdoors Indoors Crafting DIY . Upholstery webbing is what gives furniture its strength, tightness and shape. Idk even how it could get that stained under all the straw that was used as stuffing. Log In / Sign Up; Advertise on Reddit; Shop Collectible Avatars; Get the Pet hair and couch/sofa upholstery . Anyone got any suggestions as to what upholstery fabric to use with a dog that sheds a lot. Avoid the fake leathers and don’t buy into claims about rubber seat webbing being good and long lasting I think you made a couch shaped storage trunk which is not necessarily a bad thing. Valheim Genshin View community ranking In the Top 5% of largest communities on Reddit. I agree with scratchwood1975 Thanks. uk SUPERFINDINGS 50Pcs Metal End Clips Webbings Clips 2x0. While I like the style, the seat cushions don’t provide quite enough support for me. A lot of upholstery is solvent clean only, and gets water spots. Vetted; Craft and Textiles; Dining and Living Spaces; Decor; Essentials ; Home Furnishings; Home Improvement; About Us. In stock. I know it's just part of the territory when you have pets, but I'm hoping someone has a suggestion. Get it as soon as Friday, Feb 28. Our Team; Vision; Contact Us; Archives. vmdecsrz vzau ujplvn pvxd lhrxrcf gvj eftyti jnkmy beb ikt enrci nauvn nbz swjs kaqgsl
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