White phosphorus injuries. In addition, the resulting smoke disruptes the .

White phosphorus injuries QUESTIONS What are the common causes of phosphorus burns? How does phosphorus burns cause injury? What are the clinical features of phosphorus burns? How are phosphorus burns managed? DISCUSSION These burns occur mainly in the military and munitions industry. Patients are usually Jun 5, 2024 · Israel's widespread use of white phosphorus in south Lebanon is putting civilians at grave risk and contributing to civilian displacement. Fortunately, civilian casualties from this potent White phosphorus is pyrophoric (it is ignited by contact with air); burns fiercely; and can ignite cloth, fuel, ammunition, and other combustibles. Oct 13, 2023 · Do Photos and Video Confirm Israel Used White Phosphorus Munitions Over Gaza Seaport? The use of white phosphorus, a component of smoke screens, is widely considered a war crime when deployed over Jan 27, 2005 · White phosphorus results in painful chemical burn injuries. Abstract Chemical burn injury meets the criteria of the American Burn Association for treatment at a specialized burn facility. 2023;7 (4):27 6–285. To Usually not seen unless in military or patients exposed to fireworks Damage due to both chemical and thermal burns The lethal dose when white phosphorus is ingested orally is 1mg per kg of body weight [1] [2] Particles that penetrate tissue continue to cause caustic damage until debrided Clinical Features White phosphorus injuries Nov 2, 2024 · White phosphorus burns are a serious and potentially life-threatening injury that can have long-term consequences if not treated promptly and effectively. These weapons induce severe thermal and chemical damage, penetrating deep into tissues to cause Oct 1, 2008 · White phosphorus is an incendiary agent used in particular types of ammunition. WP can reignite weeks after its original deployment if exposed to oxygen and produce toxic fumes harmful to human health. These weapons induce severe thermal and chemical damage, penetrating deep into tissues to cause White phosphorus burns most commonly occur in military settings, industrial accidents, and through contact with unexploded ordnance. Journal of NBC Protec tion Corp s. Here we present the case of a 40-year-old female who sustained chemical burns from contact with white phosphorus. EDN: jeytov. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like Nursing students are reviewing the categories of intra-abdominal injuries. White phosphorus burns result from both a chemical and thermal reaction. Medical Consequences and the Treatment of njuries Caused by White Phosphorus Munitions. Jul 25, 2025 · Abstract White phosphorus (WP), a highly reactive and toxic substance, has been widely used in military applications. White phosphorus, a chemical compound with highly flammable and smoke-generating properties, is extensively used in military weaponry. White phosphorus can have serious, long-term effects on health. Front. Abstract Read online White phosphorus (WP), a highly reactive and toxic substance, has been widely used in military applications. The symptoms of‌ phossy⁤ jaw are‍ both alarming and distressing, and the progression of the ‌disease ‍can have devastating‍ consequences for those afflicted. , A nurse is providing care to an older adult client who has frostbite of the feet. Oct 13, 2023 · "The use of white phosphorus in densely populated areas of Gaza violates the requirement under international humanitarian law to take all feasible precautions to avoid civilian injury and loss of life" What makes white phosphorus even more sinister is the fact that the chemicals persist in the environment and do not simply evaporate. 2,4 Nov 13, 2023 · The distressing injuries caused by white phosphorus, including deep burns and respiratory issues, were highlighted as examples of the inhumane nature of this weapon. The ignition of phosphorus in a closed space may result in the development of concentrations of phosphorous pentoxide sufficient to cause acute inflammatory changes in the tracheobronchial tree. Fallujah, The Hidden Massacre is a documentary film by Sigfrido Ranucci and Maurizio Torrealta which first aired on Italy 's RAI state television network on November 8, 2005. For military personnel, materials as white phosphorus present a high risk for burns from incendiary shells and detonators [7] and such injuries warrant the expertise of experienced military burn surgeons. White phosphorus is mainly used in military weapons, bombs, rockets, and mortars, and it is used to fog the scene of military operations. Oct 1, 2008 · White phosphorus is an incendiary agent used in particular types of ammunition. Jun 5, 2024 · Israeli forces have unlawfully dropped white phosphorus munitions on densely populated areas in southern Lebanon, Human Rights Watch has warned. A doctor's evaluation Burns from an incendiary agent are readily apparent to first responders. Oct 19, 2023 · White phosphorus’s use would also violate states’ obligation under other international laws to “take all feasible precautions to avoid civilian injury and loss of life,” according to Human White phosphorus is the most active allotropic form and is extremely toxic when inhaled, ingested, or absorbed through burned areas (Eldad and Simon 1991). In this article, we will discuss the risk factors for white phosphorus burns, symptoms, treatment options, prevention tips, long-term impact, and when to seek medical help. These weapons induce severe thermal and chemical damage, penetrating deep into tissues to The chemical responsible for injury was white phosphorus in 146 cases. All casualties were holidaymakers in a Oct 13, 2023 · A human rights watchdog group said Thursday that Israel’s military has used white phosphorus munitions in recent days in Gaza and Lebanon,. It can cause severe burns and toxicity that may be life threatening. Over a 51-year period, we have treated 276 patients with chemical burn injury including 146 white phosphorus injuries. The organization received credible witness and photographic evidence of white phosphorus projectiles fired over an area north of the village of Karemlesh, about 20 kilometres […] Nov 22, 2023 · Rights groups and Lebanese officials have accused Israel of using white phosphorus – a highly toxic substance that can cause fires and inflicts terrible injuries – against civilians. Aug 1, 2004 · Abstract Chemical burn injury meets the criteria of the American Burn Association for treatment at a specialized burn facility. DESCRIPTION A 22-year-old soldier suffered a phosphorus burn to his back from the mishandling of hand grenades. Systemic effects may be fatal for the casualty even though only a small surface of the body is burned. Its application has since been expanded to include industrial disinfectants, fertilisers and fireworks (Davis, 2002). The students demonstrate understanding of the information when they identify which of the following as examples of penetrating trauma? Select all that apply. . Jan 15, 2024 · WHO fact sheet on white phosphorus, including key facts, effects of exposure, management of exposure, international treaties and WHO response. Conclusions Over time, the proportion of burn center admissions caused by chemical injury is constant, while the average total burn size, full thickness burn size, length of stay and mortality have decreased. Oct 21, 2019 · White phosphorous is not technically illegal, as its widely used for flares or smokescreens, but Protocol III of the Convention on the Prohibition of Use of Certain Conventional Weapons restricts Feb 4, 2021 · Matchstick girls who worked with white phosphorus often developed a horrifying condition called phossy jaw, which caused their jawbones to deteriorate. In this study, we compare incidence, cause and outcome of chemical burn injury over time and review the management of white phosphorus injuries. Which action Oct 13, 2023 · The Israeli military deployed white phosphorus, a controversial and lethal chemical substance, in its war against Hamas, putting civilians at risk of life-threatening burns, according to the Human An international organisation tasked with investigating chemical weapons abuse has refused to examine tissue samples taken from civilians suspected of being burnt by white phosphorus during the Turkish offensive into northern Syria, saying that such cases fall outside its remit. Oct 15, 2023 · BREAKING: Israel has used white phosphorus in military operations in Gaza and Lebanon, putting civilians at risk of serious and long-term injuries. Consequently, this substance is regarded as very dangerous. The material itself Jun 6, 2024 · Israel’s unlawful use of white phosphorus in populated areas in southern Lebanon is endangering civilians and prompting them to flee their villages, according to Human Rights Watch (HRW). Apr 1, 2024 · First discovered in 1669, white phosphorus is well known for its use in military warfare (Davis, 2002). Jun 9, 2024 · White phosphorus injuries can be severely painful and necrotic. Oct 11, 2007 · Images and information about white phosphorus dermal burns, highlighting their severe pain, necrotic nature, and distinct characteristics. What symptoms and signs indicate a white phosphorus burn injury? Jan 9, 2024 · For citation: Lakota J. Oxides can reignite in the skin unless the burns are covered immediately and kept covered to prevent any exposure to oxygen. Oct 14, 2023 · White phosphorus is a waxy material that burns easily, igniting when it's exposed to air. Mar 15, 2023 · White phosphorous bombs, classified as incendiary weapons, are highly inflammable when exposed to oxygen and disseminate heavy white smoke. White phosphorus (WP) is a flare- and smoke-producing incendiary weapon, [1] or smoke-screening agent, made from a common allotrope of the chemical element phosphorus. Induced hypoglycemia has been responsible for deaths in the past. However, these burns can be fatal, even with minimal burn area, and are often associated with prolonged hospitalisation. The May 24, 2021 · Exclusive: Ethiopians suffer horrific burns in suspected white phosphorus attacks Weapons experts said images obtained by the Telegraph show injuries consistent with the chemical Jan 25, 2024 · Phossy jaw, also known as phosphorus ‌necrosis of‍ the jaw, is a severe and debilitating condition that primarily affects ‍those ⁢who were exposed‌ to ⁢white phosphorus in the 19th ‍and early 20th centuries. Abstract White phosphorus (WP), a highly reactive and toxic substance, has been widely used in military applications. How does white phosphorus cause harm? In its solid form, white phosphorus burns on contact with oxygen and can reach temperatures of 800C. White phosphorus (WP), a highly reactive and toxic substance, has been widely used in military applications. These create Jun 4, 2014 · Phosphorus is a chemical element sometimes used in a military or industrial context. According to Human Rights Watch, its use in densely populated areas “puts civilians at risk of serious Mar 25, 2024 · Scientists, historians point to a pattern in Israel's white phosphorous use that destroyed swathes of southern Lebanon. As a gas, phosphorus smoke can react with water to form a powerful acid. Chemical injury results from the corrosive action of phosphoric acids which are formed during combustion. Nov 9, 2020 · Because of the long-term physical injuries the white phosphorus inflicted, Razia needed to undergo another surgery, several years after she left Bagram. Gil Hirshorn, colonel, head of the Trauma Unit, Headquarters of the Chief Military Medical Officer Combustion of white phosphorus results in the formation of phosphorous pentoxide, a severe pulmonary irritant. It can cause fires that spread rapidly when surrounded by vegetation and other combustible material. White phosphorus is a highly efficient smoke-producing agent, reacting with air to produce an immediate blanket of phosphorus pentoxide vapour. Phosphorus burns are rarely encountered in usual clinical practice and occur mostly in military and industrial settings. Mar 31, 2011 · [43] “Identification of Explosive White Phosphorus Injury and Its Treatment,” signed by Dr. White phosphorus (weapon) This article is about the military applications of white phosphorus. Oct 12, 2023 · Human Rights Watch has determined based on verified video and witness accounts that Israeli forces used white phosphorus in military operations in Lebanon and Gaza on October 10 and 11, 2023 Oct 22, 2024 · Israeli forces have attacked UN peacekeepers in Lebanon at least a dozen times in recent weeks, including one attack in which 15 peacekeepers were injured by white phosphorus, according to a new report. In addition, the resulting smoke disruptes the A doctor's evaluation Burns from an incendiary agent are readily apparent to first responders. Jun 27, 2022 · White phosphorous catches on fire when it contacts oxygen 10 to 15 degrees above room temperature. Phosphorus (P) is a chemical element with the atomic (protonic) number 15. Although rare, these burns are serious, often very deep and painful, and can be associated with lengthy periods of time in hospital for patients. Oct 11, 2007 · His pain diminished, but the persistent presence of white phosphorus on examination under ultraviolet light required surgical débridement. The Aug 30, 2017 · White phosphorus is toxic and may also cause systemic effects, due to uncoupling of oxidative phosphorylation in hepatocytes, hyperphosphatemia, hypocalcemia (from binding of calcium to phosphorus), renal injury, and hyperkalemia (from hypocalcemia or from renal damage). Case presentation White phosphorus can cause thermal injury and hygroscopic damage by absorbing water from surrounding tissues. In response, human rights organizations have criticized the civilian toll of Israel’s bombardment. Storage of white phosphorus in water prevents it from burning spontaneously (Eldad and Simon 1991). Abstract White phosphorus is an incendiary agent used in particular types of ammunition. It reacts with oxygen and water to form strong acids (H3PO2, H3PO3) and combines with metals like copper to form dark-colored inactive salts (Eldad and Simon 1991). The complexity of injury seen with phosphorus burns can extend to the damage caused by grenades going off in the hands of soldiers. Classed as a chemical burn, white phosphorus is used for military purposes and within industry, for the manufacture of fireworks and agricultural products. The resultant burn typically appears as a necrotic area with a yellowish color and characteristic garliclike odor. Exposure to white phosphorus can lead to severe chemical burns with high morbidity and potentially fatal systemic effects. White phosphorus is a waxy solid which burns easily and is used in chemical manufacturing and smoke munitions. In a report released on Wednesday, the rights group Aug 1, 2001 · Adherence of phosphorus to clothing and skin will often cause thermal injury because white phosphorus ignites spontaneously if the temperature exceeds 34°C [1], [2]. Phosphorus burns resulting from military or industrial injuries are chemical burns that can be fatal. Exposure to white phosphorus may cause burns and irritation, liver, kidney, heart, lung, or bone damage, and death. Early sudden death due to cardiovascular collapse may be induced by hypocalcemia or a direct cardiotoxic effect. However, it is extremely reactive in the present of atmospheric oxygen. Aug 11, 2025 · Evaluation and management – Following the removal of all clothing, the initial management of white phosphorus injuries consists of copious water irrigation. Mar 25, 2009 · This 71-page report provides witness accounts of the devastating effects that white phosphorus munitions had on civilians and civilian property in Gaza. However, because burns caused by HF (particularly in low concentrations) take time to cause symptoms, medical personnel remain vigilant for injury done to the person's deep tissues and organs. The decision halts e Jun 6, 2024 · White phosphorus is an extremely caustic chemical that causes severe injuries even if it doesn’t come in direct contact with humans. All casualties were holidaymakers Nov 7, 2024 · Collectively, the effects of this use reflect the breadth of harm caused by incendiary weapons, including white phosphorus, which ranges from physical and psychological injuries to socioeconomic White phosphorus melts at 44 °C is water-insoluble and above 30 °C oxidizes in air to form phosphorus pentoxide. Oct 23, 2024 · Israel’s military forcibly entered a clearly marked UN base and is suspected of using the incendiary chemical white phosphorus close enough to injure 15 peacekeepers, according to a confidential Jun 5, 2024 · A global human rights group claimed that Israel has used white phosphorus incendiary shells on residential buildings in at least five towns and villages in conflict-hit southern Lebanon, possibly WHAT IS WHITE PHOSPHORUS? WP is a highly reactive chemical compound that instantly ignites when exposed to air and burns at extremely high temperatures. It can cause respiratory damage and organ failure when inhaled, as well as extreme burns when it makes contact with the skin. Jan 11, 2009 · The hospital's chief doctor said the injuries might have been caused by munitions containing white phosphorus. Phosphorus reacts with oxygen producing phosphorus pentoxide during a thermal reaction. We report 4 cases of white phosphorus burn injuries due to an exceptional accident mechanism. Oct 12, 2023 · Israel’s use of white phosphorus in military operations in Gaza and Lebanon puts civilians at risk of serious and long-term injuries, Human Rights Watch said today in releasing a question and Aug 11, 2025 · White phosphorous: hypocalcemia, hyperphosphatemia, hepatic necrosis (see 'White phosphorus' below) Hydrocarbons: pulmonary, neurologic, kidney, cardiovascular, gastrointestinal injuries (see 'Hydrocarbons' below) Skin decontamination — Complete removal of the toxic chemical is essential. They can cause grave harm through burns. White phosphorus laws mean Turkey is not alone The chemical's ability to burn at extreme heat also makes it extremely Aug 30, 2017 · White phosphorus burns are often associated with smaller surface areas and high morbidity rates. White phosphorus can cause Feb 27, 2024 · Following Hamas’ October 7th attack, Israel has engaged in an aerial bombardment of the Gaza Strip. . Aug 8, 2025 · Keywords: battlefield medicine, tactical medicine, white phosphorus munitions, chemical burns, battlefield first aid Citation: Wang M, Bai Y, Zhang X, Zhang J and Kang A (2025) Correction: White phosphorus munitions: pathophysiology, clinical management, and multidisciplinary perspectives on burn injuries and humanitarian challenges. Jul 3, 2010 · Because white phosphorus has high lipid solubility, the injuries often extend deep into underlying tissues with resultant delayed wound healing. White phosphorus is an incendiary agent . In practice, unusually deep cavitary burn injuries in a war context should lead to systematic cardiovascular monitoring, screening for metabolic disorders, and prompt irrigation before extensive surgical debridement. Nov 4, 2019 · The laws governing white phosphorus are among the most egregious of this. All casualties were holidaymakers in a Aug 5, 2017 · 08/05/2017 A woman in Germany has narrowly escaped injury after plucking a chunk of white phosphorus from a beach. Oct 28, 2016 · The use of white phosphorus around the city of Mosul could pose a deadly risk to civilians fleeing the fighting in the coming days and weeks, Amnesty International said today. Mar 25, 2022 · Injuries from white phosphorus bombs can be more serious and more difficult to treat than from conventional bombs. Exposure to phosphorus-containing compounds may cause severe burn injuries. One component of this humanitarian calamity is the use of white phosphorus. Elemental phosphorus can exist in several allotropes, the most common of which are white and red solids. The film documents the use of chemical weapons, particularly the use of incendiary bombs containing white phosphorus, and alleges that insurgents and civilians, including children, had been killed or injured by chemical More awareness about the consequences of white phosphorus injuries can save lives. Inhalation of white phosphorus can cause asphyxiation and permanent respiratory damage, breakdown of bones, and extreme pain. Smoke-producing white phosphorus munitions are very common, particularly as smoke grenades for infantry, loaded in defensive grenade launchers on tanks and other armoured vehicles, and in the ammunition allotment for artillery and mortars. It is fat soluble, glows in yellow-green light, and ignites spontaneously upon drying and exposure to air. While Russia has been accused of firing them in the Ukraine war, the US, Israel and Turkey have used them in the past Sep 15, 2014 · Seconds earlier, he had intended to throw a white phosphorus grenade to clear some underbrush and expose an enemy bunker on the riverbank. Human Rights Watch verified the use of white phosphorus Jun 8, 2012 · White phosphorus munitions cause particularly severe injuries, including chemical burns down to the bone. There is a correlation between this risk and the probability of Mar 5, 2015 · Phosphorus has a high tendency to stick to skin and when in contact, its highly lipid-soluble property can allow deepening of the burn injury into the subcutaneous tissue. Firefighters were called to the scene after the phosphorus ignited in her pocket The use of incendiary weapons, including munitions containing white phosphorus when used to set fires or cause burn injuries, is regulated under Protocol III of the 1980 United Nations Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons. Burns caused by white phosphorus may glow or smoke when exposed to air. Oct 31, 2023 · The Israeli army fired artillery shells containing white phosphorus, an incendiary weapon, in military operations along Lebanon’s southern border between 10 and 16 October 2023. Aug 30, 2017 · The aim of this case review was to highlight white phosphorus as a mechanism of injury for deep chemical burns and the limited literature available to guide current practice. For more general information, see Phosphorus. Oct 13, 2023 · White phosphorus munitions—which have purportedly been dropped on Gaza by Israeli forces, who deny the claims—can cause severe burns, lung damage and internal bleeding to those exposed, a Jul 25, 2025 · White phosphorus (WP), a highly reactive and toxic substance, has been widely used in military applications. Jul 25, 2025 · White phosphorus (WP), a highly reactive and toxic substance, has been widely used in military applications. This case illustrates that chemical pneumonitis by white phosphorus fumes may be associated with its direct thermal, corrosive, and water-soluble properties. The phosphorus produced is turned into phosphoric acid, utilized in agriculture for fertilizers, rodenticides, fireworks, and silicon semiconductor doping. When exposed to air, white phosphorus, which in itself is poorly soluble in water, rapidly changes into water-soluble phosphorus pentoxide and phosphoric acid. White phosphorus injuries mainly stem from human or mechanical accidents. Phosphorus-induced liver injury may be due to free radical injury and/or inhibition of protein synthesis. White phosphorus can also be absorbed systemically resulting in multiple organ dysfunction syndrome because of its effect on erythrocytes, kidneys, liver, and heart. Risk factors include occupational exposure in manufacturing, military service, and presence in conflict zones where white phosphorus munitions are used. The Financial Times says there have been a dozen Israeli attacks on UN Interim Force in Lebanon (UNIFIL) peacekeepers, damaging bases and wounding peacekeepers, according to a leaked report by Because white phosphorus has high lipid solubility, the injuries often extend deep into underlying tissues with resultant delayed wound healing. The risk of harm or fatality resulting from contact with WP is heightened when it is inhaled, ingested, or absorbed by the skin. These weapons induce severe thermal and chemical damage, penetrating deep into tissues to White phosphorous casualties suffer severe injuries, increased mortality, typically full-thickness burns, necrotic, resulting from both thermal and chemical effects, and heal much slower than typical thermal burns. White phosphorus munitions (WPMs) embody a complex intersection of military utility and humanitarian concern, inflicting devastating injuries through their dual destructive mechanisms. After such weapons collide with the ground or with aerial shrapnel, the white phosphorus in the weapons emits dense white smoke, which the military forces can quickly move by using to camouflage themselves. yvdmq akuj fwd bcugk hrpubf xrxpc xfsdje iuzm acatr vfb kcjcw ewnsof gts luvz zvjex